CONVERSION GUIDES
Step-by-step guides for file conversion, format comparisons, and best practices.
General
24 guidesFile Format Conversion with Python: FFmpeg, Pillow and python-docx
Learn to convert file formats with Python: images with Pillow, video and audio with FFmpeg, PDFs with PyMuPDF, Word documents with python-do...
Compressing Files with Python: zip, tar, gzip and lzma
Learn to compress and decompress files with Python: zipfile for ZIP, tarfile for TAR.GZ and TAR.XZ, lzma for maximum compression, and shutil...
Networking and Sockets in Python: TCP, UDP and HTTP
Learn network programming in Python: TCP and UDP sockets, simple HTTP server, HTTP client with httpx, WebSockets, and practical protocol pat...
Multiprocessing and CPU Parallelism in Python
Master CPU parallelism in Python with multiprocessing: Pool.map, Process, Queue, shared memory, ProcessPoolExecutor and patterns to bypass t...
Data Engineering with Python: Polars and DuckDB
Learn to process large datasets with Polars and DuckDB in Python. Lazy DataFrames, embedded SQL, Parquet, Arrow, and efficient data pipeline...
Python Metaprogramming: Metaclasses, Descriptors, and __slots__
Master Python metaprogramming: metaclasses, descriptors, __getattr__, __slots__, class decorators, and the data model protocol.
AVI Video Format: Complete Guide — What It Is, How to Convert It
Everything about AVI files: what the format is, why it is still common, how to play AVI on any device, and how to convert AVI to MP4, MKV or...
WMV Format: Windows Media Video — Complete Guide and Conversion
What is WMV (Windows Media Video), when it is still used, how to play WMV on Mac and Linux, and how to convert WMV to MP4 or MKV.
MPEG / MPG Format: Complete Guide — MPEG-1, MPEG-2 and Conversion
What are MPEG and MPG files, the difference between MPEG-1 and MPEG-2, how to play them and how to convert MPEG to MP4.
TS Format: MPEG-2 Transport Stream — Complete Guide and Conversion
Everything about TS (MPEG-2 Transport Stream) files: broadcast TV, DVR recordings, Blu-ray, how to play .ts files and convert TS to MP4.
MXF Format: Professional Video Container — Complete Guide
What is MXF (Material eXchange Format), who uses it, which codecs it contains (XDCAM, DNxHD, ProRes) and how to convert MXF to MP4 or MOV.
VOB Format Guide: DVD Video Files Explained
Complete guide to VOB files — the DVD video format. Learn the DVD directory structure (IFO/BUP/VOB), codecs inside VOB, and how to convert V...
WMA (Windows Media Audio) Format: The Complete Guide
Complete guide to WMA audio: WMA Standard, Pro, Lossless and Voice variants, DRM lock issues, how to play WMA on Mac/Linux/Android, and FFmp...
ALAC Format Guide — Apple Lossless Audio Explained
Complete guide to ALAC (Apple Lossless Audio Codec): history, .m4a container, ALAC vs FLAC vs WAV comparison, FFmpeg conversion commands, ha...
APE Monkey's Audio Format Guide — Lossless Audio Explained
Complete guide to APE (Monkey's Audio): history, compression levels, APE vs FLAC comparison, CUE+APE disc rips, FFmpeg conversion commands,...
AMR Audio Format: The Mobile Voice Recording Standard Explained
Learn what AMR audio is, its history as a 3GPP/GSM codec, AMR-NB vs AMR-WB differences, and how to convert AMR voice recordings to MP3, WAV,...
AC3 / Dolby Digital: The Surround Sound Format Explained
Complete guide to AC3 Dolby Digital audio: history, AC3 vs EAC3 vs DTS comparison, channel configs, bitrates, and FFmpeg commands to extract...
JPEG 2000 (JP2) Format: Complete Guide — What It Is and How to Convert
Everything about JPEG 2000 (JP2): wavelet compression, lossless mode, comparison with JPEG/WebP/AVIF, and how to convert JP2 files.
JPEG XL (JXL) Format: Complete Guide — The Next-Generation Image Format
Everything about JPEG XL (JXL): superior compression, lossless mode, JPEG recompression, animation, and how to convert JXL files to JPEG, PN...
EXR (OpenEXR) Format: HDR Images for VFX, Film & 3D Rendering
Complete guide to OpenEXR — the floating-point HDR format used in film VFX and 3D rendering. Learn about AOVs, DWAA compression, tone-mappin...
TGA (Targa) Image Format: The Game Developer's Legacy Format
Complete guide to TGA (Targa) files — game engine textures, alpha channel support, compression, and how to convert TGA to PNG or other forma...
DDS (DirectDraw Surface): GPU-Compressed Game Textures Explained
Everything about DDS (DirectDraw Surface) files — GPU texture compression formats (BC1-BC7/DXT), mipmaps, cubemaps, and how to convert DDS t...
DjVu Format: The Forgotten Champion of Scanned Documents
Complete guide to DjVu — the scanned document format used by libraries and Wikipedia. Learn how to open DjVu files and convert them to PDF o...
XPS & OXPS Format: Microsoft's Alternative to PDF (And Why It Failed)
Complete guide to XPS and OXPS — Microsoft's PDF alternative. Learn what XPS files are, how to open them on Mac/Linux, and how to convert XP...
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